Images

A c. 1637 portrait of Prince Rupert, Count Palatine (1619-1682) by Anthony van Dyck. Rupert earned early fame as a cavalry commander for Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). (National Gallery London)

English Civil War (1642-51) re-enactors demonstrating musket volley fire. The Sealed Knot re-enactment group, Fernhurst Furnace, West Sussex, England.

The troop dispositions at the Battle of Edgehill, 23 October 1642 during the English Civil Wars (1642-1651). The Royalist troops are shown in blue, those of the Parliamentarians in red. The outcome of the battle was indecisive.

Golden female headdress from the Meothian culture (4th century BCE) found in the Karagodeuashkh kurgan in the Transkuban region, Krasnodar territory, Crimea. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.

Nganasan shaman. Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum, Russia.

A face re-creation of the roman general Mark Antony (l. 83-30 BCE), inspired by a fine grained yellow marble bust dating to the Flavian period (69-96 CE).

A face re-creation based on, the Bust of Cleopatra VII (l. c. 69-30 BCE, r. 51-30 BCE), that is a granite bust currently on display in the Gallery of Ancient Egypt at the Royal Ontario Museum. It is believed to have been discovered in Alexandria...

An 1831 painting by Paul Delaroche showing Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) examining the dead body of King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) after the English Civil War (1642-51). (Hamburger Kunsthalle, Grmany)

A 17th-century visual manual on how to load and fire a musket.

Scythian gold appliqués. Treasure Gallery, Altes Museum, Berlin.