Images

Political map of Italy near the arrival of the Normans, who eventually conquered Southern Italy and Sicily, including the principalities of Salerno, Capua, and Benevento.

The Austrians charge against a line of French soldiers under General Claude Victor-Perrin at the Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800), by Benoit Perrier. Marengo Museum.

Count Roger I of Sicily at the Battle of Cerami, c. 1063, painting by Prosper Lafaye (1806-1883).

Archangel Michael appearing at the holy shrine of Monte Gargano in Italy, painting attributed to Cesare Nebbia (1536-1614). Photo by David Caster Vatican Museums.

Pandulf IV of Capua being imprisoned by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1014-1024), illustration from Cod. Pal. germ. 149, Bl. 198v, c. 1450. Heidelberg University Library.

The abbey of Monte Casino, illustration by Francesco Cassiano De Silva from Giovanni Battista Pacichelli's Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva, Naples, 1703.

Castle of Melfi, an important Norman stronghold in Southern Italy.

Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

Coronation of Roger II, King of Sicily (r. 1130-1154), mosaic in La Martorana, also known as Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio (Saint Mary of the Admiral), in Palermo, Sicily, Italy.