Images

Portrait of Philip I of Hesse (l. 1504-1567) as a young man, c. 1560.

The Helm of Awe (Icelandic: Ægishjálmur), a magical symbol (stave) recorded in an Icelandic manuscript in the 1600s. The term is attested in the Old Norse poem Fáfnismál (1200s) in the context of the fight between the hero Sigurd and the...

Pendant with a Borre-style design of a gripping beast inside a frame further decorated with four protruding animal heads. Small areas of gilding and niello are in evidence on the surface of the pendant. Found at Norfolk, England, 10th century...

A detail of the Civil War memorial window showing different soldier types at St. Chad's Church, Farndon, Cheshire. Created after the Restoration of 1660.

A stoneware portrait bust of Prince Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria (l. 1619-1682). Rupert was the nephew of Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and led the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil Wars (1642-51...

A portrait of General David Leslie, Lord Newark (c. 1600-82) who commanded the Scottish garrison at Edinburgh during the Third English Civil War (1650-1). Leslie was defeated by the English Parliament's New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell...

A map showing the troop dispositions of the Scottish and English armies at the battle of Dunbar in 1650 during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). Dunbar is located just over the Anglo-Scottish border on the east coast of Scotland. The English...

Image of the Augsburg Confession 1530. Johanneskirche, Kasendorf. Photo by Reihold Möller

A mid-17th century portrait print of Colonel John Okey (1606-62), the Parliamentary commander of the dragoons regiment during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). Okey was appointed in 1645 and led the dragoons at such important engagements...

Presentation of the Augsburg Confession (1530), engraving in a bible from Nuremberg, 1736. Protestant Museum of Upper Austria, Rutzenmoos.