Images

A 17th-century painting by Reinier Nooms showing Dutch and Spanish ships fighting at the Battle of the Downs in the English Channel in 1639. (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich)

A 17th-century illustration of the pirate and privateer Olivier van Noort who was the first Dutchman to circumnavigate the globe (1598-1601). (From a 1926 edition of Around the World by Olivier van Noort 1598-1601, Volume I. by Dr. J.W. Ironman...

A late-19th century cigarette card showing the Dutch pirate and privateer Laurens de Graaf (active 1682 to 1695). Produced by Allen & Ginter. Lithographer: George S. Harris & Sons. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

A 17th-century illustration of the Dutch privateer and pirate Roche Brasiliano (active 1650s to 1660s). From an early edition of Alexander Exquemelin’s Buccaneers of America, first published in Dutch in 1678.

A statue of the French privateer Robert Surcouf (active 1794-1810), Saint-Malo, France. Sculpted by Alfred Caravanniez.

Jan Žižka leading his army, illustration from the Jena codex, c. 1490-1510.

Battle of Grunwald (1410), oil on canvas painting by Jan Matejko, 1878. National Museum, Warsaw.

A c. 1850 painting by Ambroise Louis Garneray showing the 1800 battle between the Confiance captained by the French privateer Robert Surcouf and the Kent. (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo, France)

Sistine Madonna, oil on canvas painting by Raphael, 1513-1514. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden.

Cover of Norse America: The Story of a Founding Myth by Gordon Campbell. Published by Oxford University Press.