Images

A 19th-century painting by Ernest Crofts showing Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644 during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). Cromwell and the Parliamentarians were victorious. (Bridgeman Art Library)

The opening of the Estates-General of 1789, on 5 May, in the Salle des Menus Plaisirs in Versailles, engraving by Isidore-Stanislas Helman, 1789. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.

The first meeting of Washington and Lafayette, Philadelphia, 3 Aug 1777, lithograph, published by Currier & Ives, c. 1876. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

Oath of La Fayette at the Fête de la Fédération, 14 July 1790, oil on canvas painting by an anonymous artist, c. 1790-1791. Museum of the French Revolution, Vizille.

Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Motier, Marquis De Lafayette, oil on canvas painting by Charles Wilson Peale, 1779-1780. Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia.

A 19th-century illustration showing the Parliamentarian general the Earl of Essex returning to London after the First Battle of Newbury during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). The battle in September 1643 was indecisive but it did prevent...

Wooden lyre with a tortoiseshell soundbox, restored from remains, found in Athens, dated to the 5-4th century BCE. The British Museum, London

A replica of Hermione, a 32-gun frigate famously sailed by the Marquis de Lafayette (l.1757-1834) to the United States in 1780. Rochefort, France.

The troop dispositions of the Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (blue) at the indecisive First Battle of Newbury in September 1643 during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). (1844 illustration by Walter Money)

A 19th-century painting of a castle siege during the Early-modern period. Painted by Christian Sell (1831-83).