Images

The 16th century São Sebastiao Fort, São Tomé, West Africa. The fort was built when the island was a Portuguese colony.

A 1665 map drawn by Johannes Vingboons of the island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. The island was a Portuguese colony from c. 1486 to 1975. (National Archives of the Netherlands)

Hipparchia of Maroneia, detail of a fresco showing the Cynic philosophers Crates of Thebes and Hipparchia, c. 1st century CE. Villa Farnesina, Museo delle Terme, Rome.

Heraclitus and Democritus, Fresco transferred to canvas, by Donato Bramante, c. 1486. Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan.

Democritus, painting by Dosso and Battista Dossi, 1540. Pinacoteca Civica Domenico Inzaghi, Budrio.

São Francisco Church, Cidade Velha on Santiago, Cape Verde islands. Built in 1657 when the islands were a Portuguesecolony, it was restored in the early 21st century.

A c. 1646 watercolour painting showing the town of Ribeira Grande on Santiago, one of the islands of the Cape Verde archipelago, then a Portuguese colony. Painting by Caspar Schmalkalden, image by Arquipelagos. (Forschungsbibliothek Gotha)

Ribeira Principal stream on the island of Santiago, one of the Cape Verde Islands.

A 1598 map of the Portuguese colony of Cape Verde, an archipelago in the Central Atlantic off the coast of West Africa. Drawn by Barent Langenes. (National Library of France, Paris)

Model of a Roman grain ship, National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel.