Images

Allegory of the Tyranny of the Duke of Alba in the Netherlands, oil on panel by an unknown artist, c. 1622-1630. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

Bullet holes in the wall from the assassination of William the Silent in 1584. Prinsenhof Museum, Delft, the Netherlands.

William the Silent (l. 1533-1584) also known as William I of Orange, oil on panel by Adriaen Thomasz Key, c. 1579. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

Spanish attack on a Flemish village, oil on canvas by Peter Snayers (1592-1667). Friedenstein Castle, Gotha.

The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster, oil on copper by Gerard ter Borch, 1648. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

Battle between Dutch and Spanish ships on the Haarlemmermeer, 26 May 1573, oil on canvas by Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom, c. 1629. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

An 18th-century portrait of the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto (c. 1500-42) who fought in Panama, Nicaragua, and Peru to expand the Spanish Empire before turning to North America and exploring as far as the Mississippi River. Engraving...

A map of modern Central America.

This map illustrates the rise and expansion of the Hittite Empire, an influential Anatolian power that flourished between circa 1750 and 1200 BCE. At its height in the mid-14th century BCE, the Hittites ruled much of Asia Minor, extending...

Johannisburg Palace, the second residence of the Electoral Archbishops of Mainz until 1803, is located in the centre of Aschaffenburg on the banks of the Main, Bavaria. The mighty four-wing complex, built between 1605 and 1614 under Archbishop...