Images

A glass of Madeira wine, produced on the Portuguese island of Madeira since the 15th century.

A levada or aqueduct on the Portuguese island of Madeira. Levadas were built by Portuguese colonists to improve irrigation of plantations of wheat and sugar cane from the late 15th century onwards.

A map showing the location of the Madeira archipelago in the North Atlantic. Uninhabited but colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century, the islands are now an autonomous region of Portugal.

Socrates visiting Aspasia, painting by Nicolas André Monsiaux, 1801. The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow.

The musicians of RMS Titanic who played right until the ship sank in the Atlantic after hitting an iceberg on 15 April 1912. None of the band survived the disaster.

Map of the Carolingian Empire following its division in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun. At the death of Emperor Louis the Pious (r. 813-840), the Kingdom of the Franks was partitioned and allocated to three of his four sons. West Francia (orange...

Map of the former Carolingian Empire in 898 following its collapse in 887 as a result of the deposition of Emperor Charles the Fat (r. 876-887). The kingdoms were claimed by various regional nobles, each of whom contested the imperial title...

17th-century portrait of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks (r. 814-840), by an unknown creator, c. 1610-1640. The British Museum, London.

9th-century silver coin depicting Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks (r. 814-840). The British Museum, London.

Illustration of an enthroned Lothar I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 840-855), King of Middle Francia (Lotharingia) and Italy (r. 843-855). Copied by G.W. Hutin, 1821, from a 9th-century manuscript of the Gospels. The British Museum, London.