Images

A map of the United States, showing each of its states, published by D.G. Beers & Co. in 1874. From the Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library.

Wax effigy of Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085). Cathedral of Salerno, Italy.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1084-1105) submitting to Gregory VII at Canossa in 1077, study for a fresco by Federico Zuccaro, 1557-1609. British Museum, London.

Beatrice, mother of Matilda of Tuscany (c. 1046-1115) as depicted in the Vita Mathildis by Donizo, 1115. Ms. Vat. lat. 4922, fol. 30. Vatican Library.

An artist's representation of how frontline officers and legionaries of the Roman army may have looked in action.

A re-enactor kitted out as an optio of the Roman army. The optio was one of the principales officers and responsible for training amongst other duties.

The San Giorgio dei Greci Church in Venice. Its present form dates to the 16th century CE. The church contains the tomb of the Byzantine scholar Arsenios (or Aristoboulos) of Monemvasia (1465-1535 CE).

Diorite statue of Gudea, prince of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled c. 2144–2124 BCE. From Girsu (Irak), around 2120 BCE. Louvre Lens, France.

Illustration of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556 CE) and Ferdinand I. The illustration depicts the Habsburg brothers Charles V (left) sitting by the imperial coat of arms, while Ferdinand (right) is flanked by the Habsburg coat...

Map of the Holy Roman Empire depicting its boundaries following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 CE.