Images

The colonnades of the 8th century CE Umayyad palace at Anjar (Lebanon). The palace had a central courtyard surrounded by a peristyle and incorporated decorative or architectonic elements of the Roman era.

The ancient city of Anjar is the sole Umayyad settlement in Lebanon, founded during the 8th century CE Umayyad caliphate. It is located in the Bekaa Valley, 47 kilometres (29 miles) south of Baalbek.

The so-called Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek (modern-day Lebanon). Recently redated to the 3rd century CE, it may have been used for the imperial cult, in addition to the veneration of other gods such as Bacchus and Venus.

Tobacco pipe with case made of silver, deer antler, horn, and leather, from Southern Germany, c. 1740 CE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Dried tobacco. Scenes from North Carolina tobacco country. Tobacco Farm Life Museum, Kenly, NC

Tobacco Plantation, detail of a print by Richard H. Laurie, 1821 CE. Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland.

A Celtic fire-dog excavated at Welwyn, Hertfordshire, England. Iron, 50-25 BCE. Height: 96.5 cm. Fire-dogs were likely used for spit-roasting meat at Celtic feasts. (British Museum, London)

Detail of one of the Basse-Yutz Flagons, Celtic vessels inspired by Etruscan work and used for pouring wine. Lorraine region, France. Copper alloy with coral and enamel inlay. 420-360 BCE. Height: 39.6 cm. (British Museum, London)

Celtic vessels used for serving wine. Found in Waldalgesheim, western Germany. 330-320 BCE. (Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany)

The Gundestrup Cauldron was found in Denmark in 1891 CE but was produced in the Balkans. Gilded silver, likely 1st century BCE. The designs show gods and warriors inspired by the Celtic culture. (National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen)