Images

An eight-dollar bill minted by the Continental Congress in 1775. Collection of the Baker Library, Harvard Business School.

Spanish silver dollar from the reign of Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–1788). Minted in Mexico, under the authority of the Kingdom of Spain, 1771.

A silver Continental dollar, minted in 1776. This currency is thought to have been designed by Benjamin Franklin and minted by Elisha Gallaudet at a private mint in Freehold, New Jersey. This early run of coins was produced for approval...

George Washington at Princeton, 1779 CE, by American painter Charles Willson Peale (l. 1741-1827 CE). Peale painted over 60 portraits of Washington (1732–1799 CE) and many of other notable figures of the time. George Washington at Princeton...

A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, 1765, by Anglo-American painter John Singleton Copley (l. 1738-1815). The painting depicts Copley's half-brother Henry Pelham (l. 1748-1806), later a well-known engraver and cartographer, with his pet flying...

An Officer of the 4th Regiment of Foot, 1776-1780 by English portrait painter Thomas Gainsborough (l. c. 1727-1788), presently in the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Typical of portraits of the time which frequently featured...

Berengar II (r. 950–961) of Italy submits to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (962-973), labelled here as Teutonicorum rex, or King of the Germans, in 964. From the Chronicle of Bishop Otto of Freising (Manuscriptum Mediolanense), unknown artist...

Map of the Carolingian empire following its division in the 9th Century CE. The Treaty of Verdun in 843 CE partitioned the Kingdom of the Franks into West Francia (green), East Francia (orange), and Middle Francia (yellow) and allocated them...

Artist's impression of the Battle of Immae (272 CE), between Roman forces led by Emperor Aurelian (270-275 CE) and Palmyrene forces led by Queen Zenobia (r. 267-273 CE). The battle resulted in a Roman victory and the conquest of Antioch.

The Coronation of Charlemagne, 1861 CE, by Friedrich Kaulbach (1822-1903 CE). The painting depicts the crowning of Charlemange (742-814 CE) as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III (r. 795-816 CE) on 25 December 800 CE. From the collection...