Images

Beatrice, mother of Matilda of Tuscany (c. 1046-1115) as depicted in the Vita Mathildis by Donizo, 1115. Ms. Vat. lat. 4922, fol. 30. Vatican Library.

An artist's representation of how frontline officers and legionaries of the Roman army may have looked in action.

A re-enactor kitted out as an optio of the Roman army. The optio was one of the principales officers and responsible for training amongst other duties.

The San Giorgio dei Greci Church in Venice. Its present form dates to the 16th century CE. The church contains the tomb of the Byzantine scholar Arsenios (or Aristoboulos) of Monemvasia (1465-1535 CE).

Diorite statue of Gudea, prince of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled c. 2144–2124 BCE. From Girsu (Irak), around 2120 BCE. Louvre Lens, France.

Illustration of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556 CE) and Ferdinand I. The illustration depicts the Habsburg brothers Charles V (left) sitting by the imperial coat of arms, while Ferdinand (right) is flanked by the Habsburg coat...

Map of the Holy Roman Empire depicting its boundaries following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 CE.

Map of the Holy Roman Empire depicting its boundaries under the rule of Otto I in 972 CE and Conrad II in 1032 CE.

Painted illustration of the quaternion eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, created by Jost de Negker in 1510 CE. It depicts the double-headed eagle crest of the Holy Roman Empire (adopted 1433 CE) with the banners of its towns. It became widely...

Depiction of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (r. 1564-1567 CE) on a medal created by Antonio Abondio, 1575 CE. From the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, United States