Images

A 16th century CE painting by Hans Holbein the Younger of Thomas Cromwell (l. c. 1485-1540 CE) who served as Chancellor to Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE). (The Frick Collection, New York)

Map of the Ayyubid Sultanate at the death of Saladin, 1193 CE, showing its political subdivisions and cities. Borders are approximate only, especially in Yemen and western Arabia.

A map showing Mongol movements and targets in the year 1260 CE in the Levant (Palestine and Syria).

Sketch of the original "Eagle of Saladin" of the Cairo Citadel, Cairo, Egypt. 1898 CE

Coat of arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty, whilst they ruled as Holy Roman Emperors (1135-1268 CE).

Frederick's victorious Battle of Cortenuova against the Second Lombard League (1237 CE), Nuova Cronica (c. 1348 CE).

Frederick's birth in Jesi (illustration in Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica, c. 1348 CE)

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Gold coin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (l. 1194-1250).

Tomb of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) in Palermo, Sicily.