Images

An agent of the Assassins (left, in white turban) fatally stabs Nizam al-Mulk, a Seljuk vizier, in 1092 CE. 14th-century CE manuscript Topkapi Palace Museum, Cami Al Tebari TSMK, Inv. No. H. 1653, folio 360b

Statue of Omar Khayyam (l. 1048-1131 CE) in the Persian Scholar Pavilion in Vienna, donated by Iran.

A 16th century CE portrait by Giacomo Antonio Moro of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE).

A map showing the route of the Spanish Armada from May to October 1588 CE. The Armada was sent by Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE) to invade the kingdom of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE) but was defeated by the Royal Navy and...

Anthology of Persian Poetry with the poems of Hafez Shiraz Folios 33r-32v Iran, 17th century CE

Portrait of Persian poet Hafez Shiraz (also given as Hafiz, l. 1315-1390 CE) by Abolhassan Sadighi, 1970 CE. Society for the National Heritage of Iran

A c. 1578 CE portrait by Nicholas Haillard of Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567 CE). (Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

A c. 1560 CE portrait attributed to Steven van der Meulen of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (l. c. 1532-1588 CE) and favourite of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). (The Wallace Collection, London)

A 17th century CE painting by Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen of the Spanish Armada which sailed to invade England in 1588 CE. (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)

Silk damask flag from Istanbul, dated 1810–1811 CE; it depicts the zulfiqar, Caliph Ali's (r. 656-661 CE) two-pronged sword.