Images

These are the dinars (gold coins) inscribed in the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813-833 CE). Notice that they consist of inscriptions only and not illustrations, as was the case with Rashidun and early Umayyad coins, the Umayyad Caliph Abd...

This flag was used by the Abbasid Dynasty in addition to the simple black standard of their family.

Crusader castle in the village of Tebnine, Lebanon. Photo taken 1983 CE.

A map showing various territories that were carved up by local rulers in the late 9th Century CE, either under the suzerainty of the Abbasid Dynasty or in rebellion against the Abbasid Empire.

The extent of the Abbasid empire at its greatest extent has been shaded with green. The whole of the Arabian Peninsula, Persia, Iraq, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, Egypt, the North African coast excluding Morocco (Maghreb), Crete and the western...

Relief depicting Artaxerxes II (r. 404-358 BCE) on the entry to his tomb. Persepolis, Fars Province, Iran.

A 19th century CE painting by Jean-Jacques Scherrer showing Joan of Arc (1412-1431 CE), victorious after lifting the siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE). (Museum of Fine Arts, Orleans, France)

A detail of an Attic red-figure hydria, c. 480 BCE, showing the Spartan king reunited with his wife Helen of Troy after the Trojan war. (Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich)

A statue group possibly representing the Spartan king Menelaus supporting the fallen Patroclus, one of the famous episodes of the Trojan War of Greek mythology. Roman copy of a Hellenistic period original. (Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence)

The city of Antigoneia in Epirus (Albania) was built on the Hippodamian grid system and covered an area of almost 45 hectares