Images

Ruins of Persepolis, capital of the Achaemenid Empire under the reign of Darius I (r. 522-486 BCE) and his successors.

The tower (donjon) of Rochester Castle, Kent, England, which was built in the 12th century CE.

Drawing of a group of warriors from the Bornu Empire. Drawing taken from "The earth and its inhabitants, Vol. III, West Africa" by Elisee Reclus (1830 -1905 CE) 1892 CE. From the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell...

A mid-19th century CE illustration of a Wolof warrior. The Wolof Empire dominated West Africa between the Senegal and Gambia Rivers from the mid-14th to mid-16th century CE before breaking up into successor kingdoms, one of which was Wolof...

Tombstone of Caliph Umar (634 - 644 CE) of the Rashidun Caliphate, in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina. The grave of Umar can be seen from the first window on the right.

Ruins of Persepolis.

Handle ornament broken from a terracotta lamp. It may commemorate Octavian's victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. Possibly Italian, more probably Egyptian, fabric.

A medallion with the phrase "Allah Jalla Jalaluhu" ("May His glory be glorified"), in Arabic calligraphy. The medallion was installed in the Hagia Sophia between 1847 and 1849 CE when the building was restored by Ottoman sultan Abdulmejid...

The vector version of the iconic calligraphy of the founder of the Rashidun Caliphate, Abu Bakr (c. 573 CE – 634 CE), which is prominent in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey.

A mid-19th century CE illustration of a Wolof chief and residence. The Wolof Empire dominated West Africa between the Senegal and Gambia Rivers from the mid-14th to mid-16th century CE before breaking up into successor kingdoms, one of which...