Images

The ruins of Fountains Abbey, North Yorkshire, England. Founded in 1132 CE, the Cistercian abbey was closed in 1539 CE as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE).

Villa Arianna is one of the oldest Roman villas in Stabiae (modern Castellammare di Stabia, Italy), dating from the 2nd century BCE. It is situated on the hills of Varano, overlooking the Bay of Naples.

Covering an area of 11,000 sq metres (118,000 sq. feet), the Villa San Marco at Stabiae (modern Castelammare di Stabia) is among the largest Roman residential villas in the Vesuvian area (southern Italy). It was built in the 1st century BCE...

The ruin of Gisborough Priory, Guisborough, North Yorkshire (now Redcar and Cleveland), England. Founded in 1119 CE, the Augustinian priory was closed as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries introduced by Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547...

The mausoleum-madrasa-maristan complex of Qalawun at Bayn al-Qasrayn (al-Muizz street), Cairo.

Balian of Ibelin surrendering the city of Jerusalem to Saladin, from Les Passages faits Outremer par les Français contre les Turcs et autres Sarrasins et Maures outremarins, c. 1490 CE.

The Christians of the Holy City Defiling before Saladin by Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville Source: François Guizot (1787-1874 CE), The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789, p. 435.

Map of the Mamluk sultanate during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, 1317 AD, showing its political subdivisions and cities. Borders are approximate only.

A statue of the Mamluk Sultan of Cairo, Saif ad-Din Qutuz (r. 1259-1260 CE)

Geopolitical climate in the Eastern Mediterranean before the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 CE.