Images

An illustration from the 13th century CE Cantigas de Santa María showing a battle between Christian knights and Moors during the Reconquista or Iberian Crusades (12-13th century CE).

Mont-Saint-Michel is the name of a tidal island located off the coasts of Normandy and Brittany in France. While the island of Mont-Saint-Michel has held cultural, religious, and strategic value since the Merovingians held power over the...

A map of the Iberian peninsula c. 1000 CE showing the divide between the Muslim Caliphate of Cordoba in the south and the Christian kingdoms in the north.

Bobbio Abbey, Italy founded c. 612-614 CE by Saint Columbanus (543-615 CE), one of the greatest missionaries of the early Catholic Church.

Saint Columbanus (543-615 CE), one of the greatest missionaries of the early Catholic Church, here depicted in a stained glass window from Bobbio Abbey, Italy, which he founded.

A map indicating the territories controlled by the Teutonic Knights military order and their Crusades against pagan Europeans in the 13th and 14th century CE.

A painting by Wojciech Gerson (1831–1901 CE) of the capture of the pagan Wends (aka Western Slavs) by a Saxon-danish army during the Northern Crusade of 1147 CE.

This is a general view of the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon, in modern-day Babel Governorate, Iraq.

Ruins of the ziggurat at the ancient Sumerian city of Kish, probably built by the neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, in the 6th century BCE. Tell al-Uhaymir, Babil Governorate, Iraq.

This is an Auroch (or bull), the symbol of the god Adad, at the processional way (or street) of the ancient city of Babylon, in modern-day Iraq. Neo-Babylonian period, reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, 6th century BCE.