Images

A tower or stronghold house, Hovenweep National Monument, Colorado-Utah, USA. c. 1000-1300 CE.

Ruined towers, the 'Cutthroat' group, Hovenweep National Monument, Utah-Colorado, USA. c. 1100-1300 CE.

A tower of the Cajon group, Hovenweep National Monument, Colorado-Utah, USA. c. 1000-1300 CE.

A 19th century CE illustration by Gustav Doré showing the French king Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 CE) and his capture by the army of the Ayyubid Empire during the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE).

A map indicating (in red) the greatest extent of the Ayyubid Dynasty's empire (1171-1250 CE). Green indicates the areas controlled by the Crusader states (aka Latin East).

A 14th century CE illustration of Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270 CE) departing Aigues Mortes for Egypt on the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE).

Created in Tours, France, sometime between 1245-1248 CE, this stained glass panel depicts King Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 CE) carrying the crown of thorns. Measures 55 x 35 cm. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Abbey Cathedral of St. Gallen, Switzerland, founded c. 720 CE.

Saint Gall (c. 550 - c. 645 CE) Filialkirche St. Venantius, Pfärrenbach, Gemeinde Horgenzell, Germany

Founded c. 720 CE, the Abbey Cathedral of St. Gallen, Switzerland, was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983 CE.