Images

Pope Innocent III (not to be confused with anti-pope Innocent III), r. 1198-1216 CE, is depicted in this print from Chronologia Summorum Romanorum Pontificum, published in 1675 CE. The text at the bottom reads "Innocent III, ". Measures 120...

Statue depicting a Mother Goddess sitting in a backed chair with fruit in her lap and accompanied by two other women and a dog, 1st century CE. From the ancient site of Nasium, Musée Barrois, Bar-le-Duc, France.

This map shows the crusader states c. 1200 CE.

The royal couple (the Hittite king Arnuwanda and his wife Ašmu-nikal) is complaining to the gods about the Kaška people for having sacked the Hatti country, demolished the temples, and broken the statues of the gods. They are imploring the...

The Hittite king Muršiliš II is imploring the gods to end the plague which has infested his country since the time of his father, Arnuwanda II. 13th century BCE (the tablet was originally written in the second half of the 14th century BCE...

This clay tablet describes the ceremonies in honor of various gods, as celebrated by the Hittite Kings at various sites. The Karahna festivals consist of 7 ceremonies, each one lasting 3 days. For instance, the 4th festival celebrates the...

Lunar eclipses on different days throughout the year were interpreted and their meaning was given. For example: "...If there is a lunar eclipse on the day of the 6th month: A prince of the royal family sent away in disgrace will come back...

A painting by Delacroix (1798-1863 CE) depicting the entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople in 1204 CE during the Fourth Crusade. (Louvre, Paris)

Khirbat el-yahud (ancient Beitar) near Batir.

Silver and bronze coins were struck by the Bar Kokhba administration between 132-135 CE over the top of Roman coins. Some bear Bar Kokhba's name and his title "Prince of Israel"; others bear the phrases "for the freedom of Jerusalem" or "for...