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Definition
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...

Article
The Ideology of the Holy Roman Empire
"The Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire," wrote Voltaire, and this interpretation still dominates the popular imagination, so the Holy Roman Empire is treated as a bad joke, a pale parody of the glory of Rome...

Article
Scripture, Faith, the Sacraments, and the Holy Spirit in Calvin’s Institutes
The Protestant Reformation was a period of religious history marked by a great defining, debating, and divergence on what it meant to be an orthodox, faithful Christian. To this end, many theologians offered their own explanations of the...

Article
William Penn's Holy Experiment
In the 17th century, many groups of British Christians rose and fought against religious intolerance and corruption. The Puritans sought a return to biblical religion and a purified form of Christianity in England. This resulted in the Puritan...

Image Gallery
The Rise of the Holy Roman Empire in 4 Maps
In this gallery of four maps we chart the rise and expansion of the Holy Roman Empire, a pivotal period in European history following the decline of the Roman Empire. Emerging from the ashes of Rome's collapse, the Merovingian Dynasty in...

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Knights of the Round Table Begin Search for the Holy Grail
"Knights of the Round Table Set Forth on the Search for the Holy Grail" was painted c. 1893-1905 CE. The painting depicts the legendary King Arthur's knights of the Round Table embarking on their quest to recover the Holy Grail. It is part...

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Quaternion Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire
Painted illustration of the quaternion eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, created by Jost de Negker in 1510 CE. It depicts the double-headed eagle crest of the Holy Roman Empire (adopted 1433 CE) with the banners of its towns. It became widely...

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Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens
The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens. Built c. 1000, it is typical of the Byzantine church model copied everywhere across the Byzantine Empire.

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The Holy Island of Lindisfarne
A map illustrating the geography and history of Holy Island, also known as Lindisfarne. A tidal island off the northeast coast of England in Northumberland, it holds significant historical and religious importance due to its early Christian...

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Coin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
Gold coin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, minted in Sicily between 1211-1250 CE. Weighs 5.2 grammes and measures 20 mm (British Museum, London)