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Saladin & the Unification of the Muslim Front: 1169-1187 CE
Article by Syed Muhammad Khan

Saladin & the Unification of the Muslim Front: 1169-1187 CE

Saladin (c. 1137 – 1193 CE), the Muslim ruler who crushed the mighty Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin (1187 CE) and re-took Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader control, was born in a world where the disunity of the Muslims had allowed...
Zengids & the Crusaders: Race for Egypt (1163-1169 CE)
Article by Syed Muhammad Khan

Zengids & the Crusaders: Race for Egypt (1163-1169 CE)

In the aftermath of the failure of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE), which only managed to bring Damascus under Nur ad-Din's (sometimes also given as Nur al-Din, l. 1118-1174 CE) dominion, Egypt acquired top priority – both from a strategic...
The Siege of Damascus, 1148 CE
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Siege of Damascus, 1148 CE

The siege of Damascus in 1148 CE was the final act of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE). Lasting a mere four days from 24 to 28 July, the siege by a combined western European army was not successful, and the Crusade petered out with its leaders...
Fredrick I Barbarossa Flanked by His Sons
Image by Unknown Artist

Fredrick I Barbarossa Flanked by His Sons

This image, a miniature from the "Welfenchronik" (History of the Guelphs), which dates to the late twelfth century CE, shows Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE), flanked by his sons.
Nur ad-Din, from the History of Outremer
Image by British Library

Nur ad-Din, from the History of Outremer

A miniature painting of Sultan Nur ad-Din (also spelt Nur al-Din, 1118 - 1170 CE), from a manuscript of the History of Outremer by William of Tyre (c. 1130 - 1186 CE). The manuscript containing this image (Yates Thompson 12 f. 132) was...
Muhammad Ghori
Definition by Saurav Ranjan Datta

Muhammad Ghori

Shihab al-Din (also Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam), popularly known as Muhammad Ghori (r. 1173-1206 CE), was the Muslim ruler who laid the foundation for the subsequent Islamic ruling dynasties of India which saw its pinnacle later in the...
German Motorcyclists, Operation Barbarossa
Image by Imperial War Museums

German Motorcyclists, Operation Barbarossa

A photograph of German Waffen SS motorcyclists during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)
Burning Russian Village, Operation Barbarossa
Image by Imperial War Museums

Burning Russian Village, Operation Barbarossa

A photograph showing a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)
German Troops on Horseback,  Operation Barbarossa
Image by Imperial War Museums

German Troops on Horseback, Operation Barbarossa

A photograph showing German troops on horseback passing a destroyed Soviet T-26 tank during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. Horses were used by both sides for want of mechanised...
Capture of the Elamite city of Din-Sharri
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Capture of the Elamite city of Din-Sharri

This alabaster bas relief was part of a large wall relief that depicts the military campaign of Ashurbanipal against the Elamite city of Din-sharri. The relief shows an Assyrian soldier leading a captured woman and a cow away, as part of...
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