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Western Classical Music, c. 1700-1950
Image by Simeon Netchev

Western Classical Music, c. 1700-1950

An infographic showcasing the evolution of musical styles and the creative contributions of a plethora of classical composers through four distinct periods in art history: Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, and Modernism.
Toltec Civilization
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Toltec Civilization

The Toltec civilization flourished in ancient central Mexico between the 10th and mid-12th centuries. Continuing the Mesoamerican heritage left to them by earlier cultures, the Toltecs built an impressive capital at Tollan. Ultimately, they...
Johann Strauss II
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Johann Strauss II

Johann Strauss II (1825-1899), aka Strauss the Younger, was an Austrian composer best known for his waltzes such as The Blue Danube. Famed throughout Europe and the United States in his own lifetime, Strauss was known as the 'Waltz King'...
The Sun Stone (The Calendar Stone), Aztec
Video by Smarthistory

The Sun Stone (The Calendar Stone), Aztec

The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone), Aztec, reign of Moctezuma II (1502-20), discovered in 1790 at the southeastern edge of the Plaza Mayor (Zocalo) in Mexico City, stone (unfinished), 358 cm diameter x 98 cm depth (Museo Nacional de...
Red-Figure Hydria Music Lesson
Image by British Museum

Red-Figure Hydria Music Lesson

Close-up of a red-figure vase painting depicting a music lesson. In this section, two men play music while a boy and cat (alternately identified as a young panther) sit on the side. Attributed to "The Agrigento Painter". Produced in Attica...
Aztec Skulls, Templo Mayor
Image by Travis S.

Aztec Skulls, Templo Mayor

Stone skulls from the Templo Mayor in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. They represent the tzompantli or skull racks where the heads of sacrificial victims were placed.
Music in the Tuileries Gardens by Manet
Image by National Gallery, London

Music in the Tuileries Gardens by Manet

An 1862 oil on canvas painting, Music in the Tuileries Gardens, by Edouard Manet (1832-83), the French modernist painter. This work has often been called the first modern painting since it broke the artistic convention that artists avoided...
Aztec Conch Shell Trumpet (Tecciztli)
Image by James Blake Wiener

Aztec Conch Shell Trumpet (Tecciztli)

This Aztec conch shell trumpet or "Tecciztli" dates from the Post-Classic era in Aztec history (1325-1521 CE). It was used in rituals, festivals, and religious processions. (Musée du Cinquantenaire, Brussels)
Chocolate in Mesoamerica
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Chocolate in Mesoamerica

Chocolate was one of the most desired foods of Mesoamerica and was consumed by the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations, amongst others. Its consumption even spread via trade routes to other parts of the Americas including the Chaco Canyon...
Xipe Totec
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Xipe Totec

Xipe Totec (pron. Xi-pe To-tec) or 'Flayed One' in Nahuatl, was a major god in ancient Mesoamerican culture and particularly important for the Toltecs and Aztecs. He was considered the god of spring, the patron god of seeds and planting...
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