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The History of Christmas Carols
Article by Mark Cartwright

The History of Christmas Carols

Christmas carols are a much-loved part of the Christmas season and while many have a long history, others are surprisingly recent. From medieval dancing songs to the 19th-century revival, the words and music of carols have evolved over time...
Christmas Through the Ages
Article by Mark Cartwright

Christmas Through the Ages

The Christmas holiday has gathered around it customs and traditions for over two millennia, some of which even pre-date the Christian festival itself. From gift-giving to the sumptuous spread of a Christmas dinner table, this article traces...
The Christmas Truce
Definition by Mark Cartwright

The Christmas Truce

The Christmas Truce of 1914 occurred on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18). On Christmas Eve soldiers in the trenches spontaneously agreed to a ceasefire. Beginning with the singing of Christmas carols, the unofficial...
How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature

How we celebrate Christmas today is largely shaped by a small group of authors who recorded festive traditions in the 19th century. These authors include Washington Irving (1783-1859), Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863), and Charles Dickens...
Victorian Christmas Cards
Article by Mark Cartwright

Victorian Christmas Cards

Printed Christmas cards became popular in the Victorian period (1837-1901) thanks to a combination of cheaper printing techniques and even cheaper post, with the arrival of the Penny Black postage stamp. Coming in all shapes, sizes, and materials...
A Medieval Christmas
Article by Mark Cartwright

A Medieval Christmas

Christmas was one of the highlights of the medieval calendar, not only for the rich but also for the peasantry. For the longest holiday of the year, typically the full twelve days of Christmas, people stopped work, homes were decorated and...
A Christmas Carol in Lucerne by Bachmann
Image by Hans Bachmann

A Christmas Carol in Lucerne by Bachmann

An 1887 painting A Christmas Carol in Lucerne by Hans Bachmann. (Kunstmuseum Basel, Switzerland)
Frontispiece, Birds' Christmas Carol
Image by Katharine R. Wireman

Frontispiece, Birds' Christmas Carol

The frontispiece for Birds' Christmas Carol by Kate Douglas Wiggin. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1912.
Good King Wenceslas Carol Music
Image by Gryffindor

Good King Wenceslas Carol Music

A 1913 biscuit tin showing Good King Wenceslas, the Bohemian duke and saint Wenceslaus I (r. 921-935), and the music for the Christmas carol of that name. The lyrics were written by John Mason Neale (1818-1866). Tin made by Hudson, Scott...
Carol Singers
Image by The British Museum

Carol Singers

A 19th-century English Christmas card showing carol singers. (The British Museum, London)
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