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Saladin & the Unification of the Muslim Front: 1169-1187 CE
Saladin (c. 1137 – 1193 CE), the Muslim ruler who crushed the mighty Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin (1187 CE) and re-took Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader control, was born in a world where the disunity of the Muslims had allowed...

Article
Zengids & the Crusaders: Race for Egypt (1163-1169 CE)
In the aftermath of the failure of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE), which only managed to bring Damascus under Nur ad-Din's (sometimes also given as Nur al-Din, l. 1118-1174 CE) dominion, Egypt acquired top priority – both from a strategic...

Article
The Siege of Damascus, 1148 CE
The siege of Damascus in 1148 CE was the final act of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE). Lasting a mere four days from 24 to 28 July, the siege by a combined western European army was not successful, and the Crusade petered out with its leaders...

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Fredrick I Barbarossa Flanked by His Sons
This image, a miniature from the "Welfenchronik" (History of the Guelphs), which dates to the late twelfth century CE, shows Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE), flanked by his sons.

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Nur ad-Din, from the History of Outremer
A miniature painting of Sultan Nur ad-Din (also spelt Nur al-Din, 1118 - 1170 CE), from a manuscript of the History of Outremer by William of Tyre (c. 1130 - 1186 CE). The manuscript containing this image (Yates Thompson 12 f. 132) was...

Definition
Muhammad Ghori
Shihab al-Din (also Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam), popularly known as Muhammad Ghori (r. 1173-1206 CE), was the Muslim ruler who laid the foundation for the subsequent Islamic ruling dynasties of India which saw its pinnacle later in the...

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German Motorcyclists, Operation Barbarossa
A photograph of German Waffen SS motorcyclists during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

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Burning Russian Village, Operation Barbarossa
A photograph showing a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. (Imperial War Museums)

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German Troops on Horseback, Operation Barbarossa
A photograph showing German troops on horseback passing a destroyed Soviet T-26 tank during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December 1941. Horses were used by both sides for want of mechanised...

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Capture of the Elamite city of Din-Sharri
This alabaster bas relief was part of a large wall relief that depicts the military campaign of Ashurbanipal against the Elamite city of Din-sharri. The relief shows an Assyrian soldier leading a captured woman and a cow away, as part of...