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Mencius
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mencius

Mencius (l. 372-289 BCE, also known as Mang-Tze or Mang-Tzu) was a Confucian philosopher during The Warring States Period in China (c. 481-221 BCE) and is considered the greatest after Confucius himself for his interpretation, formulation...
Ancient China
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient China

Ancient China produced what has become the oldest extant culture in the world. The name 'China' comes from the Sanskrit Cina (derived from the name of the Chinese Qin Dynasty, pronounced 'Chin') which was translated as 'Cin' by the Persians...
Han Dynasty
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) was the second dynasty of Imperial China (the era of centralized, dynastic government, 221 BCE - 1912 CE) which established the paradigm for all succeeding dynasties up through 1912 CE. It succeeded the...
Chang'an
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Chang'an

Chang'an, located near modern Xian in Shaanxi Province, was the capital of several dynasties of ancient China from the Zhou to the Tang and eventually became one of the world's great metropolises. With regular tree-lined avenues, high walls...
Chinese Bronze Hoe Coin
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Chinese Bronze Hoe Coin

Bronze spade money (worth 25 standard coins) with Chinese inscription, minted in China under the rule of Wang Mang, Xin Dynasty, 9-23 CE. Wang Mang's four coinage reforms were not successful and the widely accepted wuzhu were soon reissued...
Bronze Knife Coin
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Bronze Knife Coin

So-called knife money, worth 5000 standard coins. Obverse, Chinese inscription. Minted in China; ruler Wang Mang. Wang Mang's four coinage reforms were not successful and the widely accepted wuzhu were soon re-issued. Xin Dynasty, 9-23 CE...
The Art of War
Definition by Mark Cartwright

The Art of War

The Art of War (Sunzi bingfa) is a 5th-century BCE military treatise written by the Chinese strategist Sun-Tzu (aka Sunzi or Sun Wu). Covering all aspects of warfare, it seeks to advise commanders on how to prepare, mobilise, attack, defend...
Fontevraud Abbey, France
Image by Jean-Etienne Minh-Duy Poirrier

Fontevraud Abbey, France

A panoramic view of Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon, France. The abbey was founded in 1101 CE by Robert of Arbrissel (c. 1045 – 1116 CE). The abbey was the burial place of several English monarchs, including King Henry II of England (r. 1154...
Zhou Dynasty
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) was among the most culturally significant of the early Chinese dynasties and the longest lasting of any in China's history, divided into two periods: Western Zhou (1046-771 BCE) and Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE...
Confucianism
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Confucianism

Confucianism is a philosophy developed in 6th-century BCE China, which is considered by some a secular-humanist belief system, by some a religion, and by others a social code. The broad range of subjects touched on by Confucianism lends itself...
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