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Saladin & the Unification of the Muslim Front: 1169-1187 CE
Saladin (c. 1137 – 1193 CE), the Muslim ruler who crushed the mighty Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin (1187 CE) and re-took Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader control, was born in a world where the disunity of the Muslims had allowed...

Article
Zengids & the Crusaders: Race for Egypt (1163-1169 CE)
In the aftermath of the failure of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE), which only managed to bring Damascus under Nur ad-Din's (sometimes also given as Nur al-Din, l. 1118-1174 CE) dominion, Egypt acquired top priority – both from a strategic...

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Name of Allah in Arabic Calligraphy
A medallion with the phrase "Allah Jalla Jalaluhu" ("May His glory be glorified"), in Arabic calligraphy. The medallion was installed in the Hagia Sophia between 1847 and 1849 CE when the building was restored by Ottoman sultan Abdulmejid...

Article
The Siege of Damascus, 1148 CE
The siege of Damascus in 1148 CE was the final act of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE). Lasting a mere four days from 24 to 28 July, the siege by a combined western European army was not successful, and the Crusade petered out with its leaders...

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Nur ad-Din, from the History of Outremer
A miniature painting of Sultan Nur ad-Din (also spelt Nur al-Din, 1118 - 1170 CE), from a manuscript of the History of Outremer by William of Tyre (c. 1130 - 1186 CE). The manuscript containing this image (Yates Thompson 12 f. 132) was...

Definition
Muhammad Ghori
Shihab al-Din (also Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam), popularly known as Muhammad Ghori (r. 1173-1206 CE), was the Muslim ruler who laid the foundation for the subsequent Islamic ruling dynasties of India which saw its pinnacle later in the...

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Capture of the Elamite city of Din-Sharri
This alabaster bas relief was part of a large wall relief that depicts the military campaign of Ashurbanipal against the Elamite city of Din-sharri. The relief shows an Assyrian soldier leading a captured woman and a cow away, as part of...

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Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
Modern statue of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (1163-1202 CE), Dushanbe, Tajikistan.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi & Observatory
A 16th century CE illustration showing the famed Persian astronomer and scientist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274 CE) in his observatory at Maragha, then part of the Mongol Ilkhanate. (British Library, London)

Definition
Moses
Moses (c. 1400 BCE) is considered one of the most important religious leaders in world history. He is claimed by the religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Bahai as an important prophet of God and the founder of monotheistic belief...